Goal vs Process Oriented Training

Goal vs Process Oriented Training
By Lyle McDonald
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/training/goal-versus-process-oriented-training-part-1.html
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An excellent website that I highly recommend that interested coaches spend some time reading.
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/

Goal vs. Process Oriented Training: Part 1


Although I’m known more for nutrition and training, the psychology of good training is also a huge part of the picture and, thus, of interest to me.

Today, I want to talk about one of the major distinctions that is often made in the psychological approach that athletes take (usually to competition); that distinction is between being goal oriented and process oriented.

Goal oriented athletes

Simplistically, goal oriented athletes see their results in competition as the be-all, end-all of their training endeavors. This is also true of training. If they don’t win, or set a PR, or perform exceptionally all the time, they will see themselves as a failure. So on competition day, they have to win, or set a personal best, or set a record, or all of those. In the gym, if they aren’t beating their previous bests every damn time they train, they feel like a total failure.

Principles for Mental Training

USOC Sport Psychology’s “TOP TEN” Guiding Principles for Mental Training
By Sean McCann, Ph.D. USOC Sport Psychologist
OLYMPIC COACH VOLUME 19 NUMBER 3
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1. MENTAL TRAINING CAN’T REPLACE PHYSICAL TRAINING AND TALENT.

We haven’t seen any Olympic Athlete who succeeded without doing the physical and technical work, even though we have worked with some of the most mentally talented athletes in the world. The reality is that even an exceptionally talented athlete who has not prepared well physically loses confidence and is vulnerable in competition. The best and easiest confidence is that which comes from the knowledge that you are as prepared, or more prepared, than your competitors, and that you are physically capable of a winning performance.

Willing to Win

Willing to Win

Author: Willi Railo (NOR)
From FISA Coach Handbook Level 3
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1.0 Introduction

People usually look on the psychological side of sport as being something abstract and therefore difficult to understand. That is the main reason why they find it hard to do something practical and effective to improve their attitudes to sport. The psychological side of sport is often left to chance. You could draw a parallel between psychological and the weather: everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything! Understanding comes before improvement. We first try to understand what the problem is and give it a name, and then we go on to consider how the problem might be remedied.

Emotional Preparation for the Olympic Games

Emotional Preparation for the Olympic Games

By Cal Botterill, Ph.D.
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Is it possible to emotionally prepare for the Olympic Games? My initial reaction is that it is not easy, and although there are important things an athlete can do, it is probably impossible to totally prepare emotionally for such an experience. There is no denying how special the Olympic Games have become. The fact that they only occur every four years means that even top athletes often only get one shot at them in their prime; for many others, the cycle of "peaking" in their careers just doesn’t work out for an Olympic opportunity.

The history of the Olympic Games going back to early civilizations, the gallant ideals of the Olympic Movement, and the public and media interest in the agony and ecstasy of Olympic striving have created an almost irrational and irreverent mystique and aura around the Games.

The heartbreak, the exhilaration, the breakthrough accomplishments, and the team effort, even in relatively unknown sports, have captured the hearts and attention of people around the world in a very personal and emotional way. Most medal ceremonies bring tears to the eyes of those watching and listening, and we feel the emotions involved.

How the best of the best get better and better

How the best of the best get better and better
By Graham Jones
From Harvard Business Review June 2008
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Compete only with yourself, demand relentless feedback, and don’t forget to celebrate.

Until 1954, most people believed that a human being was incapable of running a mile in less than four minutes. But that very year, English miler Roger Bannister proved them wrong.

“Doctors and scientists said that breaking the four-minute mile was impossible, that one would die in the attempt,” Bannister is reported to have said afterward. “Thus, when I got up from the track after collapsing at the finish line, I figured I was dead.” Which goes to show that in sports, as in business, the main obstacle to achieving “the impossible” may be a self-limiting mind-set.

The Use of Sport Psychology to Improve Sport Performance

The Use of Sport Psychology to Improve Sport Performance
Daniel Kirschenbaum, Ph.D. Director, Center for Behavioral Medicine, Professor, Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, Illinois; Sean McCann, Ph.D. U.S. Olympic Committee, Sport Science and Technology Division, Colorado Springs, Colorado; Andrew Meyers, Ph.D. University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, Memphis, Tennessee; Jean Williams, Ph.D. University of Arizona, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Tucson, Arizona
From http://www.gssiweb.com/ArticlesUpload/2007410113639453.pdf

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Introduction
Sport psychology is the science of behavior applied to exercise and sport participation. Increasing numbers of athletes and coaches are using sport psychologists to help them gain a personal and competitive edge--to manage stress and anxiety more effectively, improve concentration and motivation, increase confidence, and promote better communication. This field has been percolating for 70 years, yet many people still think of it as commonsensical mind games. The Gatorade Sports Science Institute convened a panel of four of the leading experts on sport psychology to help clarify the meaning of this important discipline, describe its recent history, and project its future.

Sport Psychology for Junior Rowers

Psychological Skills and Rowing Performance

Sport Psychology for Junior Rowers

By Dr Greg Mondon Presented at the 2000 US Rowing Convention

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What percentage of rowing is mental? What percentage of mistakes you’ve made in practice or competition were “mental” mistakes? How much of your practice time do you spend on mental skills?

Your answers to these questions will help you determine whether you need to improve your mental approach to rowing. All sports performance is 100% mental. Your body litarally does not move a muscle without input from your brain. Negative emotional states, anxiety, fear, poor concentration, tension, pain, and outside distractions all interfere with performance.

Elite athletes already know this fact. They have developed, and consistently practice the mental skills needed for optimal performance.

Mental skills are just one part of the performance triad. Physical factors include conditioning and nutrition. Tactical factors include technique and race strategy. Mental skills are the psychlogicasl tools athletes can use to enhance their learning, training, and performance. These skills do not replace physical training, but the can help you ti increase your ability to stay focused, handle adversity, control tension and anxiety, and stay confident in your abilities when performing under pressure.

Once you have developed a program of skills and tools you can use to improve your performance, all you have to do is…
PRACTICE, PRACTICE, and PRACTICE!

Skills for Finding Peak Performance
Developing skills in the following areas can help you consistently achieve a mental state that is ripe for peak performance.

Self Awareness of ones strengths, limitations, thoughts and feelings teaches you about your performance and yourself.
Clear Goals that focus primarily on the process of performance rather than the outcome.
Energy Management Skills allow you to regulate your energy, aousal, and tension. Learn and practicing effective relaxation and “psyching up” strategies.
Imagery Skills, when done effectively can enhance technique development, competition preparation, and self confidence.
Cognitive Skills such as self talk, focusing skills, and cue words can help you handle distractions and stay in the present.

Once learned these skills can be applied to any performance situation. This program of mental skills will include an honest assessment and evaluation of your current mental strategies and your commitment to improving.

Set “SMARTER” Goals for Better Performnce
What is your mission for the coming competitive season? What vision do you have for the success you want to achieve? What do you like about rowing competitively? What are you going to do today to accomplish this mission?

Top athletes have learnt to stay motivated and focused through a long season, through winter conditioning and through those periods where things just don’t seem to be going their way. One of the tools they use is goal setting. There are a few basic principles to use when setting goals.
OUTCOME GOALS focus on results. Winning a race or qualifying for a regional or national event are outcome goals. These goals can motivate and guide you, but they are not completely under your control.
PROCESS GOALS are the action goals that focus on specific aspects of performance. Process goals are what you fall back on day-tp-day, week-to-week to stay focused. These goals are the core of your mental game.

“SMARTER” GOALS
Use this guide when setting your goals.
S – Specific
M – Measurable
A – Action-oriented
R – Realistic
T – Timely
E – Exciting
R – Recorded

Specific gaols describe exactly what you want to occur. What do you have to do in order to row fast (i.e. what is the process gaol for rowing fast)? That should be your goal. For example, a goal of moving to the start line feeling confident and relaxed (which shall enable you to row better) is more specific that saying, do my best.
Measurable goals can be objectively measured by you or by someone else. Using the above example, you can rate your feeling of confidence and relaxation on a 1-10 scale. Some athletes choose to monitor their pulse as a way of tracking their tension level.
Action-Oriented means that your goal dictates that you do something to achieve an end. Example, if you’re not relaxed at the start line, taking a deep breath and using your self-talk to calm down.
Realistic goals look for a balance between ability and challenge. Easy goals wont motivate you and goals that are too difficult will discourage you.
Timely eans keeping focused on something current that is related to your goal. If your goal is nationals in May, have intermediate, short term and daily goals that take you there.
Exciting! Set goals that have some meaning for you. Let yourself feel good about your performance without regard to outcome.
Record your goals in your mental log. Review. Evaluate and adjust them as needed.

More Goals Setting Basics
Here are some more tips to follow when setting goals.
· Remember that goal setting is a process that takes time, thought and effort. Try to avoid coming up with all your goals in one night.
· Be flexible. If a goal isn’t working make an adjustment.
· Make your goal public. Tell mom, dad, friends, coaches and teammates. Be sure to tell people who will be supportive of your working towards your goals.
· Focus on process goals that are related to directly improving your performance.
· Set goals for practice and competition.
· Use positive language. Only state what you want to do (row well) instead of what you want to avoid (don’t catch a crab).

The Most Important Goal
The absolute most important goal you cans set yourself is self acceptance. No matter how you perform this season, no matter what anybody says about you or your performance, make it your personal goal to accept yourself as a worthy person.

Time Frame for Goal Setting
Long Term goals cover the season or the year. You’ll only need one or two.
Intermediate Goals should cover a week, a month, or a pre season
Short term goals are clear specific and action orientated process goals covering 2-4 days
Daily goals. What are you doing today to achieve your vision? What are you doing right now?

Make fun your goal too!!!

Music While You Erg

Music While You Erg
By Michael R. Mann
Published in Rowing and Regatta (issues May and June 2007) under the title 'Music whilst you erg'
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INTRODUCTION

Research has shown that physical performance can be enhanced with the accompaniment of music. Indeed music may be regarded as an ergogenic aid; in his book 'Physiology of muscular activity' Karpovich states that 'the purpose of an ergogenic aid is to improve performance or hasten recovery or both'.

The idea of using music to enhance performance in rowing is not new; the Greeks used an 'auletes' and the Romans a 'hortator' to initiate and maintain, with the use of a drum or a flute, the stroke rate in their warships . Shanties and work songs have been used over the centuries to accompany work associated rowing and the principle has been that the strong beat in the song comes at the point of greatest muscular contraction. As an aside to this it seems logical that the strong beat comes at the catch but there may be preferences for having it at the finish or elsewhere in the stroke depending on the music, the individual and the rowing style as measured by the magnitude of the rowing force during the work phase.

As rhythmic self-paced activities par excellence, rowing and erging, apart from the problem of the unequal work and recovery phases, would seem to be ideally suited to be performed to music. Nevertheless, appreciation and response to a musical stimulus is subjective, as is the athlete's rating of perceived exertion; so choice of music is all important.
Some pertinent questions on its use might be:

- will the use of music make boats go faster or erg times better and will the training be more enjoyable?
- can music help in the learning of rowing and in adaptive rowing?
- how can we use music?
- can music be used in the competitive situation?
- is it fair to use music?

The main considerations in this article focus on the effect of music on performance on the ergometer (with some references to boat rowing), the practicalities of using music and the possibility of using music in competition.

Very little research has been done on music and rowing but one study by Scott (et al.) in 1999 tested novice rowers during a 40 minute row on a Concept2. The subjects were divided into three groups. The first group listened to a task-related "associative" audio tape which was the sound of a cox motivating a crew; this produced an increase in performance. The second group listened to "dissociative music" but nevertheless music chosen by the group; this group did not demonstrate any marked performance increase. The third group watched a "dissociative videotape" of races from the 1992 World Rowing championships; here there was some increase in the level of performance.
A logical follow-up to this approach would be to see how performance levels are influenced by watching an associative video as well as listening to associative music.

Another piece of research entitled "Effects of asynchronous music on flow experience during an indoor rowing class" is currently being conducted by Victoria Warren at Brunel University.

Rowers themselves are divided on the use of music. In researching for another article on the same subject I was interested to see whether there were any thoughts and opinions from rowers themselves. A search on the internet revealed a divergence of opinion ranging from those who did not or could not row to music to those who found it enhanced their performance. There was even the suggestion that there should be separate rankings for those who use music which raises the question of whether its employment is ethically acceptable.

HOW WE CAN USE MUSIC

1 - ASYNCHRONOUS MUSIC

In this situation there is no rhythmical relationship between the music and the required physical movement.
The music, usually of an excitable, energetic, powerful nature, merely serves to provide a working atmosphere. The music, often chosen by the athlete(s) performs the three basic functions of music in this situation; to stimulate, to offer a distraction and to make the training more enjoyable. For this reason it is not inconceivable that this approach could also be adopted in the competitive environment. Because the appreciation of music is subjective it is not easy to recommend specific pieces. In addition, pleasing everybody, let alone achieving optimum results, is even more difficult in the group situation. I do not know of any evidence that suggests that rowers are either more or less receptive or responsive to an audible musical stimulus than other athletes.

It is important, however, to remember that asynchronous music, in certain situations, might be detrimental to performance if it comes into conflict with the rhythm of the rowing action.

The Aarhus Studenter Roklub finished top of the Concept2 Open Men's Winter Team Relay League in 2005/6. The nature of the competition - eight rowers using one machine - means that competing synchronously to music is not feasible and indeed the crew used Heavy Metal (e.g. Rammstein) and Techno as a background during their efforts.

2 - SYNCHRONISED ROWING TO MUSIC

This is where the rowing stroke, either in the boat or on an ergometer, is performed in perfect time to the music. More and more rowing clubs and fitness centres offer group rowing sessions with a lead instructor and accompanying music thereby giving participants both a visual and aural stimulus during the workout. The music should have a clearly discernible beat at one point in the rowing cycle. As mentioned above, this would normally be, but not necessarily, at the catch.
In Italy, the company 'Musicforfitness' has produced two CDs specifically for rowing. The music ranges from 114-140 beats per minute; indeed research suggests that for sustained sub-maximal effort a tempo of about 130 beats per minute is ideal. Musicforfitness also talks about the notion of 'colpi per minuti' or strokes per minute (in this case between 28 and 35) with the main beat measured on the drum.

Similarly, R2Music is producing CDs aimed at rowers taking them through a series of tempo changes during the workout.

Rowyo’s cadence training software seems to be the modern equivalent of the Roman hortator with a programmable metronome and is declared to be ideal for synchronised erg training. As far as I know, music is not offered in the software.

Of course, indoor rowing sessions will often work at lower ratings and beatcounter software offers the possibility of not only finding music for a given rating but also the option of modifying the tempo of the music without affecting the pitch. There is also no reason why music cannot be composed specifically for erging and rowing which would take into account the problem of the unequal work/recovery ratio.

In the competitive situation an athlete could use his or her own pre-recorded music designed to produce the best result over the 2000m row.

3 - EXERCISE CONTROLLED MUSIC

This is the most exciting development in the application of music to physical performance because it allows the athlete to be in control of the music according to the way that he or she exercises. Nike has just brought out a product (Nike+) for runners, using sensors in the shoes linked to an iPod, which gives the athlete feedback on his workout and changes the music based on the way he runs. Similarly, Sony has recently developed the 'Music pacer' for its NW-S200 MP3 player which will adapt its music according to how the athlete runs.

Being able to control music in this way should not be difficult to achieve in rowing. Modern rowing ergometers and many racing boats are fitted with monitors that display, among other things, the stroke rate. If the information on the stroke rate can be linked to a sound device then it would appear that the problem is solved and controllable music can be used for both crew rowing and indoor rowing.

By using the device known as pitch lock the music will follow the beat of the athlete but will not be distorted. Another approach is that the change in the stroke rate could initiate a change of track. Whichever method is used it is important that the music faithfully and immediately reacts to the athlete's effort.

Exercise led music, therefore, gives the athlete control of his music and could also be employed in the competitive situation.

Looking at the race analyses of the BIRC on the Concept2 website, much can be learned about the interaction between pace and stroke rate and how these change over 2000 metres. Although some rowers have the discipline to maintain their optimum rating over the whole 2000m course and are not influenced by final sprints (they judge their effort precisely and distribute it over the effort to achieve the best result) many competitors increase the stroke rate over the last few hundred metres. This is normal in competition and it is at this point, in the final stages of the effort, that the athlete starts to become concerned only with the rowing to the exclusion of all other distractions; he is in his own erg-world, becomes oblivious to the shouting of the crowd, the sound of tens of rowing machines, the screen displays, and the other competitors. By using music which follows his effort, the athlete can be both motivated and disciplined through the final period.

In indoor rowing competitions the rower is in control of his or her destiny; it is a self-paced activity. The conditions for racing are always more or less the same and there are no unexpected external factors which might influence the performance or result.

Using the technique described above when the rower takes up the rating, usually over the last few hundred metres, the music will follow but of course the rower needs to maintain that delicate balance between the three vital factors of stroke length, stroke rate and power so that pace is not compromised.
Even if it does not seem feasible for some to use music over 2000 metres it could be an invaluable ergogenic aid over the longer distance competitions.

CONCLUSION
It is clear that many rowers use music either individually or as part of group or team indoor rowing sessions; some use synchronous music, others prefer asynchronous music.
It is hoped that this short article will encourage a more critical analysis of the use of music in the training and competitive situation and an evaluation of how it can be employed to produce the best results. What is perhaps also needed is a workshop or seminar to discuss and exchange ideas on rowing with music and to develop models of good practice. Also ergometer and stroke rate meter manufacturers should look into the possibilities of linking their products to music systems. Certainly WaterRower has some interest and states on its website that you can 'Listen to music, or even watch television while you row without raising the volume'.


REFERENCES

Crust, Lee and Clough, Peter J. 'The Influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivational asynchronous music' Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006 Feb; 24(2): pp. 187-95.
Karageorghis, Costas ‘Music for sport and exercise’ In Ultra-fit Vol. 8. (1998) No. 6. pp. 30-32
Karpovich, P. V. ‘Physiology of muscular activity’. Saunders, London, 1985. p. 263.
Kravitz, Len ‘The Effects of music on exercise?’ In IDEA Today 12(9) pp. 56-61 1994
Mann, M. R. Erging to music. In Ultra-fit, Vol. 14 (2004), No. 7. pp. 76-78
Mann, M. R. ‘The Use and effect of music as an ergogenic aid’ In Roeien, September 1978 pp. 21-24
Mann, M. R. 'Music and rowing: the use and effect of music as an ergogenic aid and in the learning of rowing'. Paper given at the FISA World Rowing Coaches Conference, Athens, November 2003
Scott, L. M., Scott, D., Bedic, S. P., & Dowd, J. “The effect of associative and dissociative strategies on rowing ergometer performance”. In The Sport Psychologist, 13, (1999). pp. 57-68.
http://www.musicforfitness.com/Show_Products.asp?Category_Id=14&Category_Title=Rowing
http://www.r2music.co.uk/Home.html
http://www.rowyo.com/
http://www.waterrower.com/en/gym_intrusion.htm

The first part of this article talked about the diverse opinions of rowers on the subject rowing and music. Some opinions can be found at

http://www.row2k.com/stories/index.cfm?action=read&ID=108

http://www.c2forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=1739&start=0&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=&sid=c3f19e4748ddf7c02eb14a98830c93ca

Routines, Rituals and Performing Under Pressure

Routines, Rituals and Performing Under Pressure
By Sean McCann, PhD, Performance Services USOC Sport Psychologist
From Olympic Coach Spring 2008 Vol 20 No 2
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I have a pre-shot routine for every shot, but none is more important than when I have to hit a big drive in a pressure situation. Not only does my pre-shot routine allow me to focus on the task at hand, but it also keeps me in my natural rhythm. Every 300-yard bomb in my bag starts with a preshot routine that has a calming effect on me as much as anything. - Tiger Woods

We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit. – Aristotle

Pre-competitive routines have been studied by sport psychologists for a long time, and there is good evidence that routines increase consistency of an athlete’s thinking, feelings, and pre-sport behavior. Because of these effects, routines also produce more consistent sport behavior. This produces better results. Routines therefore, can make you a better athlete. There are a number of reasons why routines work, but you may find that many of your athletes resist routines. At the USOC, I have heard all sorts of reasons for this resistance, including:
“It slows me down”
“I don’t want to get locked into anything”
“I like being flexible in case things change”
“I used to do it, and it was helpful, but I just stopped. I’m not sure why.”

My personal opinion is that many athletes don’t develop effective routines simply because nobody ever taught them how important and helpful they are. Take Tiger Woods, for example:
My pre-shot routine, taught to me years ago by my father, didn’t come naturally or easily. Like most kids I was of the grip-it-and-rip-it mentality. I had to learn patience and how to find my natural rhythm. Pop finally convinced me a preshot routine was necessary for consistency, and I’ve used the same one ever since. - Tiger Woods

If even Tiger Woods resisted routines at the beginning, why would you expect your athletes to suddenly embrace them? As a coach, you need to develop a sales pitch that gets past initial resistance and makes a compelling argument for change. One tactic is simply to list all the things that routines do for you, by both ensuring good things happen and preventing bad things from
happening.

Routines- Helping an athlete do the right things
1) A routine increases the sense of familiar in a new environment. Routines are portable, transferable, and adaptable. Remind your athletes that an iPod and headphones can mentally transport you from a treadmill in a hotel basement to a familiar run in the woods when you last listened to this music. Similarly, a routine can make even the strangest sport environment seem normal, familiar, and most importantly, comfortable. This is a powerful effect when the environment of the competition is full of distractions.
I cannot overemphasize how helpful this has been to countless Olympic medal winners I have known when faced with the circus of the Games.

2) A routine helps an athlete stay active and focused on useful behaviors. One of the worst things an athlete can do in a high pressure environment is to stop and think about it. At the Olympics, when I see an athlete starting to freeze up, glaze over, and think too much (usually about the dreaded “what ifs”), I will try to get them talking, moving, and laughing. Much better than this emergency interaction by a sport psychologist, however, is a routine that keeps an athlete moving, on a schedule, and focused on the things that help.

3) A routine enhances feelings of control and confidence. Going through the same routine in practice and competition is a useful reminder that you have done this a thousand times. The old
expression of “practice like it is a competition, compete like it is a practice” describes an athlete with an effective, consistent routine. I have heard from countless athletes that simple routines enhance a sense of control and confidence. The Tiger Woods quote at the top of this column says it plainly. A routine helps an athlete feel in control, no matter what the stakes of success or failure.

4 Routines help make useful behavior automatic. Some psychologists believe that over 90% of our behaviors are automatic habits or unconscious, learned behavior patterns. This is why parents and first coaches in a sport play such a critical role in introducing positive behaviors. If you learn how to do something the right way at the beginning, you don’t have to fix mistakes later, because you always do it the correct way, without any conscious thought. John Wooden was famous for teaching his Freshman basketball players the correct way to put on socks and tie sneakers.

As a coach, if you invest the energy at the front end, you have the opportunity to create a positive routine for your athlete’s entire career. These routines will become automatic and help the athlete
avoid all kinds of challenges that many athletes struggle with.

5) Routines increase the opportunity for the brain to focus on the proper things. Our brains have limited capacity. The remarkable increase in the number of accidents for people on cell phones is an example of this. Routines that take care of all the little things an athlete has to do to get ready, free up brain space to focus on the things that really matter. If you want to have an excellent warmup, you must be fully focused on the warm-up, and not wondering about something left undone.

Routines- Helping an athlete avoid doing the wrong things
6) Routines help reduce thinking and decision making. When an athlete is stressed, anxious, and concerned about outcomes (a typical state for many athletes at their biggest competitions), thinking often transforms to worry. In addition, decisions about simple things become overemphasized, and athletes will often freeze up, wasting valuable time as they agonize over which pair of shoes to put in their backpack. Athletes weighted down with worry or unable to make a decision are wasting energy. At big events, energy is a precious commodity. An effective routine eliminates decisions (because, if you always do it the same way, you don’t have to decide), and keeps an athlete too busy to think too much.
7) Routines help prevent dumb mistakes. Under greatest pressure, athletes begin to leak energy, and become more vulnerable to a variety of distractions and challenges. When an athlete is
preparing intently for a key performance, the last thing they should be doing is making critical decisions. Unfortunately, I have seen Olympic medals lost by athletes who decide to try something new, or do something new, based on a decision made under pressure. An effective routine keeps an athlete busy, productive, and reduces the probability that the athlete will make a bad call, making a mistake that they cannot recover from.

The Coaches Role In Building Routines
Coach Shula had a very strict schedule in the last two days before the Super Bowl. He never let us go more than 2 hours without checking in for something. It helped us stay focused on the game. – Larry Czonka, member of 1972 “Perfect Season” Miami Dolphins

We first make our habits, and then our habits make us.- John Dryden

While most coaches will not follow John Wooden’s example by teaching their athletes how to dress properly for practice, all coaches can benefit from understanding the value of this effort.
By starting with the most basic aspects of a sport, and ensuring that athletes develop great routines, a coach begins to develop the foundation of great performances. While it can take a tremendous investment of effort by a coach to develop new routines, the cost of not making this investment can be high. As the Larry Czonka quote suggests, Don Shula knew the cost of losing focus at the Superbowl, and invested energy in creating a program that prevented that loss of focus.

On the other hand, an argument can be made that a coach will end up using a great deal more energy if they don’t help athletes develop great routines. As the John Dryden quote suggests, an
initial investment of energy in developing good habits will create a great return down the road. I see this all the time in sports, and I’ll never forget what a great coach once said to me. “Why are all these coaches screaming from the sideline? If they had done their job in practice they wouldn’t have to say anything during a game.” If a coach develops great routines, and the athletes develop great habits, then the habits make them great players.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence
Dr Chris Shambrook
GBR Rowing Team Psychologist
FISA Coaches Conference, Budapest, Hungary 7- 11 November 2007
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It seems to me that emotional intelligence is a bit of a change now from the theme that you had yesterday and first thing this morning so Ill try and position some of the things I’m going to talk about relative to relative to conditioning, relative to strength but will be thinking about that in terms of strength of mind to complement the eowrk that you have been focussing on in terms of strength of body and the preparation that you go through to ensure that the physical bits of the athlete are prepared as much as possible. Now obviously my role as a psychologist, completely biased I just think that the brain is the thing that is all important and the body is just the bit that we use to move the brain around. Obviously the body bit has fairly important performance implications for us in rowing as well, but if we get the mental bit absolutely right it can obviously have a big impact on the consistency and effectiveness with which the body is able to produce its peak performance at the critical times

So the emphasis today that I want is to realy get you think about how can you look at the brain in the same way that you do for the body and are there some key bits of information around Emotional Intelligence that we might be able to think about. That we might be able to identify and develop within athletes that will make them more able to produce performance that are consistent during training and of course through their regattas leading up to the critical final within the World Championships or the Olympic Games.

I also want to make sure that this session actually focuses on you the coach. I’m going to talk about Emotional Intelligence primarily, and having been around British rowing for 10 years that the coaches that I’ve had the privilege to work along side demonstrate Emotional Intelligence in abundance. They have huge experience, huge knowledge but their ability to interact with the athletes in a way that brings out the best in those athletes day in and day out is actually an essential part of the program that is on no training plan, its not written down, it not factored in its just something that coaches naturally have an aptitude toward but naturally keep working on al the time to ensure that they get the most out of the athlete in a way that they the coach lead the entire program.

So I do want you to think about yourselves as performers when Im talking as well. Your role as a coach is a critical performance challenge day in and day out and much of the stuff I talk about applies equally importantly to you as it does to the athletes that your working with. So this is an opportunity to think about how you can improve yourself to get more out of your athletes and what can you look for within your athletes to know they are going to get more out of themselves..

The other thing that I want you to think about here as well is that in my biased world as a psychologist I am not waiting for people to be broken before I come along and fix them. Most psychology work is of that nature. Most people think that you only go and see a psychologist if you are nuts, slightly mad or if there some interpersonal problems or there some loss of confidence, an inability to get along with team mates. It usually a negative perception of psychology. Within the world of elite sport that just cant be the way that it is. So what I want you to be think about today is, from a mental strength point of view from a mental conditioning point of view, how close are your athletes to being at the peak of their capabilities, mentally. What are they doing in order to achieve the psychological heights in the sae way that you are looking for them to achieve their technical, physical and tactical heights as well.

So my emphasis is very much towards making sure that the mind is as strong as possible rather than trying to fix something that is not functioning as effectively as it might do. Certainly that is sometimes part of the role of a psychologist but in the world of elite sport and performance sport it is this taking the mind and ensuring that you have no gap in, it is as strong as possible. That the way to be looking here.

And it might be part of looking at how does that appear on your training program? What systematic things are being done to ensure that athlete’s psychological strength is being developed day in and day out. Much of the great coaching work that I see actually does that but no ones putting their hand up and telling the athlete that as a result of this your concentration level, your ability to concentrate under pressure has improved ten fold over the last six months. Or your ability to make the right decision at the right time has improved and is increasingly a strength of yours. So a lot of it is done but the athletes don’t often actually realise the progress that they are going through. And for them to have the power of that development they obviously need to know that they have improved skill.



So that the kind of background in terms of where Im coming from today. And just in term of where I, the psychologist, view things I know my place within the performance pie. If we have to produce an elite performance we have got to produce the technical capacity as high as possible, we have to have the tactical know how, the tactical ability completely, clearly understood and for the athlete to act on those tactical bits of knowledge; physically obviously rowing being the endurance sport that it is there is a high demand placed on the body, the physical emphasis is absolutely clear.

So the fact that these are six nicely even sections is not actually the reality. For every given sport the proportion changes, and for every given athlete there is probably a subtle change in the proportions.

We have to understand the contextual component as well. Does the athlete understand the environment that they exist in? Do they understand the rules of engagement? Do they understand the kinds of conditions that they are going to be performing in? So if they understand the context they have great technical preparation, they have incredible tactical understanding and physically they are as prepared as possible, the last two things that we can do to improve their ability to consistently perform is to ensure that emotionally and mentally they are on top of their game as well. And as I say the psychological bit here as well needs to know its place. There’s no point putting all your emphasis on the mental and emotional if the other areas have been neglected. You’ll just end up with athletes that are very mentally tough about their underperformance. They’ll be thinking “Well I’m not as good as I might have been but y psychologist has allowed me to deal with that and I’m in a good place with that. And that’s not really elite thinking.

So what we need to be thinking about here is: Where does psychology and the mental and emotional element really add value. And it really only adds value when those other areas are as strong as possible, and are as full as possible. And the other way that psychology really adds value and the Emotional Intelligence we’ll talk about is actually getting an interrelationship and a connection between people. So whether is you, the coach, and the athlete; athlete to athlete; once we start getting the interaction positive and as strong as possible then we can almost add more resource to that entire performance pie.

If it helps think of this situation: Every athlete that you coach, their personality is identical, they respond to your coaching instructions in exactly the same way, they all make exactly the same decisions at the same time, they all have exactly the same view of how the rowing stroke is and the picture in their head is exactly the same; so if we have that situation we have no personality difference amongst you athletes, what does your job as a coach now look like. And they probably all think that your coaching program is the bets coaching program that’s ever been written as well. If that could ever be the case.

If the personalities were all the same much of the art of coaching that Rene talked about, much of the art of coaching would be taken away. You wouldn’t have to think about how I change my message for this particular athlete. How do I deliver a pre-race talk to this crew compared to another crew that I might be coaching? Because actually everything would be the same. So what we are going to focus on here today is actually the science behind the art. Because we know have different everybody is and we know how different your relationship is with all the different athletes, and actually being able to put a structure on that, and get a framework to understand that sometimes can be very powerful to helping you identify how to make a breakthrough with an individual, how to get more out of them, how to get a better coach-athlete understanding and working.

So as we go through the session today probably keep an ideal athlete in your mind, someone who particularly help you relate some of these ideas to, someone who you are thinking a lot about at the moment who you need to work better with, or someone who things are going really well with and you want to keep that level of great interaction going. So with the examples I give have a particular individual in mind and it should help contextualise some of what I’m talking about.

Just to begin with before I go any further we’re talking about your relationship with the athlete and how you manage to coach them effectively just write down for me the top five qualities or characteristics that you would ideally like an athlete to have that would make them as coachable as possible, so they respond really well to you, their easy to coach. What would be the top 5 characteristics that they would have that would mean that you as a coach were really able to connect with them to really coach them effectively and really help them move on as quickly as possible. There’s no right or wrong answers here, I just get fed up of talking sometimes.

Rene mentioned in one of his questions about the athlete having responsibility. Would responsibility be on eof the qualities you would ideally like the athlete to have? Would you like them to be a really confident, pushy athlete, who’s always demanding something out of you? Would you want them to be someone who’s very skilful at communicating? Would you want them to be someone who’s really in touch with their body, kinaesthetically very aware? Just think about that picture of the ideal athlete. What those qualities would mean that naturally they get the most out of you because they are very coachable?

I’d imagine as well that if you look at the list that you’ve got of three, or four, or five items that you’ve got, those key qualities, there are probably some athletes that you work with at the moment who you would see have those qualities in large amounts. And maybe there are some athletes where you wish they had a bit more. And you know that there are some challenges because you are looking to them to be able to make a change and they are not being able to make a change. Or they just don’t; seem to see the whole process of development in the same way as you. But having that reference point of what makes the athlete coachable is going to be helpful for you today as well, because a lot of the time its all about you understanding them, them understanding you, and also knowing what are some of the ingredients that make a difference.

Your technical knowledge is probably second to none, your understanding of the training programs, your knowledge of the whole philosophy of what you are trying to do is so well thought through, so well structured that the thing that gets in the way of that coming to life and being effective is actually how you interact with the athlete and how coachable they actually are or how adaptable you are to their style. So hopefully that will help you build up a picture of the athlete to refer to as we go through today, and I want you to keep coming back to that and perhaps add qualities to the list as we go through the information on intelligence.

I was interested to Rene speaking as well where he talked about the importance of, when you are working effectively with an athlete you have to talk to them, listen to them and observe them. And then you have to have the team meetings and the regular one to one meetings to make sure you are absolutely on the same page. Those again aren’t necessarily things that happen in a structured ordered way but they are actually the things that make a critical difference to the level of trust that exists between you and the athlete. The amount of trust that they have in you means that they are going to be more likely to go the extra mile psychologically. And also, the trust that you have in them also allows you to believe that ultimately when it comes doe to the start line of a critical performance you are going to trust them to think the right thing to allow them to do the right thing at the right time. So if the quality of the talking, listening and observing is something that makes a difference to this whole Emotional Intelligence area as well.


Intelligence is normally talked about in terms of IQ, Intelligence Quotient, which would measured by being able to see how effectively people can identify geometric shapes or solve maths problems. But at the end of the day you can have someone who is high in IQ, the natural intelligence that we usually measure but Emotionally Intelligently they are not very high with the way they interact with other people.

You can see at the top left there we have two football players from Newcastle United who probably aren’t very intelligent in terms of the IQ sense of the word but their Emotionla Intellience has not helped them out here. Ending up fighting your own team mate in the middle of a Premiership football match; and a member of the opposition actually pulling you apart. There is something that has happened here in the heat of the situation that has meant that mentally these players have stopped at all productive. They have really lost the plot completely.

I think the baseball player next to them is a bit better at fighting than the football players are as well but similarly the emotions have got on top of this individual and we see a very extreme example of what not being mentally prepared for anything that might happen causes a complete breakdown in performance.

Similarly Zinadine Zidane in the World Cup final, not the best header he’s ever produced but you see these situations time and time again in sport and these are the extreme examples of when athletes minds don’t work effectively under pressure, when their Emotional Intelligence fails them. As I say these are extreme examples, but equally when you look at Emotional Intelligence there are other factors that wouldn’t be as obvious as these ones. So we would be looking at inability to change direction, so mentally I had a path set out for me, I had a clear view of where I was going and how I was going to get there; something happens which means that I have to change course and some athletes aren’t great at that kind of flexibility in their thinking. Some aren’t great at changing their decision making under pressure. Some aren’t great at interacting with other crew members because they don’t quite see things in the same way, they don’t have that ability to change their view in order to think what’s the right result we’re looking for her, how do we work together to get the best outcome for our situation.

The guy with the computer as well, I don’t know if you’ve ever felt a bit like that from a coaching point of view. You think that you are putting all the right inputs in but the machine or athlete is just not responding and it gets pretty frustrating when you think the message isn’t being heard. Even in a very kind of stale stagnant situation like a business scenario you do see people letting pressure, time and deadlines get on top of them. And with a lot of the work that you are involved in being very deadline driven and a lot of markers along the way towards a final success there will be different points which aren’t to do with the actual final competition itself where the pressure is higher and the need to be Emotional Intelligent is even more critical.


If we look at positive examples of when people are mentally really on top of their game and need to be on top of their game with the Emotional Intelligence that is being demonstrated is actually a critical factor to success. These situations are far more helpful for us to see what it is we are looking for when we talk about Emotional Intelligence. And what are some of the characteristics that we’re after that if we could start to measure them within ourselves and within our athletes we could actually get a situation where we want to move towards this kind of scenario. On the previous slides its very obvious we don’t want those kinds of situations happening.

But what’s going on in these slides: So open heart surgery – the mental performance here is absolutely critical and not just the lead surgeon. The interplay between the lead surgeon and the anaesthetist and the other doctors that are part of the team is absolutely critical. I understand that there is something within open heart surgery called a “widow stitch” that is the surgeon gets the stitch wrong it kills the patient there and then. And that’s performance pressure. So the ability to be clear headed under pressure, to be able to be totally in control of what I’m focussing on, completely aware of people around me and information I'm getting in from them. Ability to change my thinking and change my approach if I need to, those kind of qualities are absolutely essential to ensure that you have a very pure psychological performance taking place. Mentally these people need to be on top of their game for a prolonged period of time as well. Its not as if it a short procedure.

The Formula 1 race car, I think that’s a phenomenal example of how effectively you can practice to connect mentally. I think theres about 25 people around that car working together for about 15-20 seconds by the time they’ve got out, the cars come in, they’ve refuelled it, changed all the tires and sent the car out again. But their ability to be completely focused on their role, but be totally aware of the other peoples roles around them, but als have the ability to change their thinking if something doesn’t go right, like there was one of the Grand Prix’s three of four weeks ago where one of the guys got run over by the driver that had entered the pit lane a little bit too quickly, so that was one man down and we’ve still got to change the tires and get the car out as quickly as possible. The driver wasn’t perhaps as Emotionally Intelligent at that point as he might have been. But the interplay there is critical and psychologically everyone knowing that there are on the same page and that they are supporting each other makes a huge difference. And that’s the area from a rowing point of view is key, the knowledge that I’m being backed up and being supported and we are all thinking along the same lines is essential. They spend hours and hours and hours rehearsing that whole process just as within any sport performance.

The basketball coach in a time out, critical situation, thirty seconds to a minute to communicate key messages, key strategies in a calm manner that allows the performance to go out and perhaps the last play of the game and produce the wining shot. So again we’e got a demand there mentally which is the coach making the choice how do I need to interact with my athletes here, what message do I need to send ny the way in which I actually engage with them.

The riot police working as a team, its critical for them that they are able to maintain a performance focus under intense physical threat. So again you can see that mentally, if you have a weak link in that squad of riot police the whole team becomes vulnerable.

So if we look at these different situation we can see the importance of connecting together effectively being able to trust in each other under pressure, being able to maintain strong decision making at a critical point, under threat of my impending death or somebody else’s impending death and that’s pretty extreme . And most of the time all we are talking about is how fast we can row 2000m and get as mentally together as possible. So if these types of things can be achieved in this situation in terms of psychological togetherness we can really make an emphasis to ensure that mentally our individuals and crews are at the top of their game to ensure that they are doing everything possible to ensure that all of that physical and technical work is not wasted.

Ad it might be worthwhile think here, of the demand for you as coaches and the athletes that you work with. Most of the Emotional Intelligence that your athletes will develop is going to be through the many minutes, hours, days, weeks and months that you spend training. There is a relatively small amount of time competing when we look across the rowing calendar. That difference between training interaction and training quality, establishing the base for the performance psychology, which is the area that you can get the biggest impact and what you can try to do in terms of the psychology for that key period.

Top right hand corner as well, I had to put the rowing coach up there as well because I think critically the performance required, Harry im going to nick your phrase, “the Coaching Intelligence” that’s required here as well to be observing one to eight performers, to be completely aware of what’s going on and the key things you are working on, to be communicating with each of the different athletes in the way that you knoe that you need to, switching your style of communication within an outing to ensure that everyone is getting the most out of your perspective and your external view. That is a huge skill. And it’s a skill that I see a lot of the rowing coaches taking for granted. And one of the key things about the elite psychology is that identifying your strengths and then challenging yourself to deliver them even better, that’s something you need to be challenging yourself with and your athletes with. Can you make your strengths even stronger? Can you make the things that you naturally do as effective as possible even more powerful. That’s where the skill that you as coaches have to provide that commentary, to provide that expert input is something that can always make a critical difference to your ability to be on the top of your game day in and day out is obviously something that influences the final product and the final crew that you end up coaching.

So its worth thinking about some of the similarities across those individuals and across those teams and start to think about what that looks like in an Emotional Intelligence framework.


And what I wanted to leave you with over the course of the lunch period to think through is if we have these different scenarios. On the left we’ve got people not showing Emotional Intelligence, not producing the right kind of clear thinking in pressure situations, not responding well to what are probably predictable events. And on the right hand side we’ve got a considered, clear decision making, clear choices about how I interact with the performers.

Just to start with think what are the differences for the individuals. So on the left hand side, for an individual that looses control of their emotions and their though process, what’s the immediate impact for them? How does that immediately impact on what they are going to do next? How does that impact on the other people around them? What does that do in terms of the quality of relationship between those people right in those next few moments. Ad equally once that person has demonstrated that lose of control of that inability to thin effectively at those key moments how does that influence both themselves, from that point onwards and how does that influence their interaction with you and other people from that point onwards? How does that change the dynamic of the relationship? Because ultimately your success with your athletes comes down to the quality of that relationship that you are able to maintain over time.

On the right hand side, the same thing. If you are consistently delivering great quality interaction, your clearly thinking in the right way under pressure, you’re making the right decisions, you’re making skilful chaices about how to interact with different performers, what’s the impact on a moment by moment bases for yourself and for the people around you and what’s the impact in terms of an ongoing relationship? What kind of things are you going to be able to draw upon? What going to be the quality of response that you get from other people around you by you leading in that Emotionally Intelligent way. And again absolutely no right or wrong answers here, but its just thinking about the human dimension and understanding that we do have to deal with the personalities and if we can make some subtle changes to how Emotionally Intelligent we are that actually makes a big difference to the ongoing demands we can make of other people, it makes a big difference to the ongoing motivation that people demonstrate for us then they are going to be far more engaged.

So I wanted to leave you with that over the course of the lunch period and when we come back after lunch I’ll get into some core details in terms of what Emotional Intelligence actually looks like, which bits of it can actually be measured and will it actually make any difference to you as a coach in terms of understanding your own Emotional Intelligence and the Emotional Intelligence of the athletes with whom you work as well.

What I’d like you to do in terms of thinking abut this grid is to just think about a bank account, a relationship bank account. So for each of the athletes that you work with you have a bank account with them in terms of when you are interacting positively, interacting really effectively, making good decision with them and for them, demonstrating trust with them. That adds value to your relationship bank account. When perhaps something doesn’t go quite as well you make a withdrawal in terms of all the positive additions you’ve made, of the trust that you have stored up.

Have a think about athletes with whom you work are you in the positive in your bank account with them because you’ve spent most of your time making good decisions, interacting effectively, changing your style to suit their learning style and you can also thin about this from your athletes point of view. How many of them have positive bank accounts for their relationship with other athletes and you as a cach ad you just get a sense of how important it is to begin adding up all of the day to day interactions you have with the athlete. And the other important thing that we see if that a lot of the time for an athlete and a coach it takes quite a long time to build up the trust the rapport, the understanding, but you can very quickly undo it so all of the time energy and effort taken to et a positive situation where the athlete is receptive can be undone very quickly, and as Rene noted earlier some people remember a comment from a long time ago that actually might make it quite difficult to get back into that positive situation.

So that we think about the Emotional Intelligence, just keep thinking have I added value, have I added currency to the relationship bank account by the way that I have chosen to interact with the athlete or have I made a withdrawal and equally where are the athlete, in the positive in credit, or have they gone overdrawn with me as a coach or the other athletes because of the way that they behave or interact.


I want to give you a few slides of context as to why the Emotional Intelligence concept is important and then I’ll get into some detail for you. If we look in the world of business and this information comes from a guy called Daniel Goleman who has written extensively on Emotional Intelligence, and if you are interested in understanding how Emotional Intelligence work in detail Daniel Golemans book are superb. Very clear detail, very rich description of how different people take different approaches to their work and how they get a better benefit to their relationship by being better Emotionally Intelligent.

If we look at some of the research that Goleman carried out within the business world when it comes to differentiating between who are the top performers and who are the really elite performers, the ones who are the elite performers time and time again score much higher on Emotional Intelligence measures. So the IQ generally of some high flyers that have the qualification and really understand the business but they cant connect wt the other people that they work with so they don’t progress into the positions of authority or responsibility even though they have all of the mental power, the mental knowledge that they might need for the role.


When you go up a level into leadership positions, as soon as you are having to take charge of leading other people the Emotional Intelligence component becomes even more important as to who delivers the best performance. So within your roles as coach despite the fact that a lot of the time you are in a leadership position, your ability to connect effectively, motivate other people, engage them ad get them on the same page so that they are all thinking in the same way, your ability to get them to do that is going to be one of the things that differentiates between yours and their success at the end of the day.


There is also some other research that Goleman carried out that examines why people go off track in their careers, what are some of the things that bring a stop to their progress and the majority of the problems were identified as interactions with other people, Emotional Intelligence problems, so an inability to handle interpersonal problems. So not getting on with a colleague, not being able to work effectively with them, not being able to solve that, leading to those two individuals having to go find somewhere else to work, or one of those individuals having to find somewhere else to work.

Equallly other people where having to go off and pursue other career choices when there was unsatisfactory leadership during times of conflict and difficulty. So the leader was not able to be strong to make clear consistent decisions under pressure, was not able to treat individuals in a consistent manner. And again think about that from your coaching challenge. The biggest challenges you have are typically when things are not going as you would like them to and your ability to manage yourself and manage the athletes and their expectations is a critical skill for you to have in your coaching toolbox at that point.

And the last area that was of interest here was that many peoples careers got derailed becase they couldn’t adapt to change and they wernt able to encourage other people to trust them. They didn’t have a strong trust network arund them. And we live in a world among elite sport were change is what we have to do all the time. We ahe to get better, last years times arnt good enough. We alsays have to look to change things and do things better. So by nature the fact that you survive in that environment would usally indicate that your pretty good at dealing with change. But the piece on, can you elicite trust, can you encourage other people to trust you, do you act in a consistent way that allows them to always understandf what kind of response they are goingt o get from you is a critical factor to think about again. How effectively do I encourage other people to trust me and come on the journey with me? To venture along this pathway we’re gign on in order to achieve success.

I see know reason why the data from business should be any different from the data from sport. There are subtle differences but ecause we are talking about human interaction in high pressure situations we’re actually still going to ahe some similar results innterms of the importance of emotional intelligence. How effectively we connect with other people makes a difference to how effectively we use all of the resources that we have available to us.



So that you can leave today with a very simple structure to evaluate yourself by and your athletes the Emotional Intelligence research that is out there in many different forms always boild down to this four part group. And the score that you would be able to get as a result of identifying concepts within each of these four boxes would allow you to see how emotionally intelligent you are. So there are many measurements out there that allow you to assses your degree of Emotional Intelligence.

If we start in the top left hand corner the first box that relates heavily towards elite performers anyway is “self awareness”. How much am I in touch with my thoughts? how much am I in touch with my emotions and my feeling?. How much am I also in touch with how my body is physically feeling? My state of readiness, my state of physical health. Self awareness is obviously critical if we are going to move forward anywhere at all. We have to know wat is going on in our head, in our emotions, and how our body is feeling. The question that you might ask yourself just to sum this area up, at any point in time going into a situation is: “How am I right now?” So before starting a pre-race talk with your crew, for you to be able to ask yourself “How am I right now?” is the self awareness part. Theres no point in having the self awareness if you can’t do the box underneath it which is “self regulation”.

And the question for that on is “How do I need to be?” I’ve just said: “How am I?” but I’m just going to do a pre-race talk, it might be a semi-final of the World Championships, it might be a B Final where there’s Olympic Qualifying at stake, “How do I need to be in this situation?”, and one of the first bits of Emotional Intelligence which is important is being able to assess “I know how I am, I know how I need to be” so I know I can make the change into that right mindset for me to deliver the performance that I need to as a coach, to get my athletes up to performance.

There’s actually, in Steve Redgraves autobiography, an interesting bit where he’s recounting just before the Atlanta final, and he’s taken himself off somewhere and he has lots of negative thoughts. I think he says something in the books something along the lines of “If someone had come along at that point and offered me a way out and a quick ticket out of the Olympic Village I’d have been on that bus with them straight away.” He said however” I recognised that if that how I carried on thinking that wasn’t going o be too useful to help me win an Olympic final and the Gold medal.” “So I had to give myself a mental slap and change the way that I was thinking and changing the way that I was talking to myself” So he went from a degree of self awareness to a high degree of self regulation very quickly. Identified how he was, and he was not in a good state of mind, and then identified how he needed to be and started managing those thoughts effectively. And that’s a skill that we assume a lot of athletes have. But you need to have that self awareness in the first place in order to start making some choices about how I need t think and how do I need to feel right now to deliver the bets performance possible.

You as a coach wil not always guarantee that you will always be feeling on the top of your game at the critical time of the year. You might be slightly under the weather because you’ve had a heavy work load leading into a World Championships or Olympic Games. You might be coaching two crews, one of them doing really well and one of them underperforming. You need to be thinking how am I right now, is tis situation that I’m in effecting me? What choice do I need to make to ensure that I'm in my performance mindset? I'm delivering the right performance for my crew.

So self awareness and self regulation is a critical skill for the coach and for the athlete but equally the other challenge that you as coaches have is that actually you spend most of your time on the other side of this grid. You send most of you time being Emotionally Intelligent about other people. So the other factors about Emotional Intelligence are: How aware are you of other people? What are they thinking, what are they feeling? What motivation level do they have at the moment? How are they looking compared to their normal body language? So your awareness of other is something that you are constantly picking up on, are constantly aware of. Not everybody has that natuarally. So this is why this four part grid is quite important because eit allows us to see which area people are naturally showing aptitude for, which area they are comfortable in.

Again because of your coaching role you have to spend a lot of time managing others, so not only are aware of others, how they are. So the question is “How are they right now, what is their state of mind right now”, you then need to quickly switch into “How am I going to adapt to get the best out of them” What changed do I need to make to manage those other people. And I think that is an interesting challenge for you as coaches, spending most of your time being aware of others, and sorting out how t manage others, but actually needing a lot of the time to focus on your own performance so that you peak for performance at the right time as well. So perhaps because you spend most of your time on the right hand side having a strategy for you in and around key times od competition to just check back in “How am I dealing with this, how do I need to be? What’s going on for me?’ That’s actually something you might want to think about how effectively do I do that?

I don’t see at the regattas and the World Championship too many athletes hurrying around and worrying whether their coaches have got everything that they need. “Are you hydrated coach? Have you had enough to drink today? Have you got everything you need in order to video us? Have you got your watch with you? I don’t see any athletes taking much care of you. I see coaches taking an awful lot of care of their athletes and making sure that everything is in place for them. Sometimes just being able to check in for yourself and just think that if I was coaching myself right now have I done everything that I need for me to be as prepared as possible. So perhaps sometimes including yourself in who you are coaching is a useful reference point to have. And you are world class at coaching so giving yourself a bit of your coaching time is probably a useful step to take from time to time.

Think back to earlier when I asked you to identify some characteristics or a key athlete who you might have in mind when we were taking about this. Think about your key athlete who you are having challenges with or who you are working well with at the moment. What’s their level of self awareness like? Do they really know what makes them tick? Do they understand their performance and their capabilities as an athlete? How effectively are they able to make changes to how they are thinking and feeling? If the pitch up for training and you know that they are not in the best mindset are they able to flick a switch and get into a really focused work approach. Are they able to get really clued into hat they are going to do.

For this athlete are they aware of the other athletes around them? And do they know how to get the most out of those other athletes around them? It’s a very simple way of just categorizing your athletes and seeing where you might need to be focussing your energy to help them get more out of themselves. Do they just need their self awareness raised so that they understand themselves more? Or do they need to get better at regulating themselves and making some key choices. Are they the kind of athletes who need to have much better understanding of the other people with whom they are interacting? Or so they just need to be better at getting more out of the people who they are working with? Do they need to be a bit more subtle about the way they communicate with the other athletes in their crew?



With all of those broad concepts in mind, for me working in elite sport anyway there is always a bottom line anyway. It all very nice having some psychological frameworks and some boxes that you can put people in, but if we improve Emotional Intelligence will it actually make boats go faster, will it allow individuals and crews to get more out of themselves. So if you could come into my fantasy land of psychology for a moment lets imagine that every bit of physical energy and every bit of physical resource has been taken to the extreme and the athletes are as physically prepared as possible, technically they are rowing the perfect stroke every stroke. I understand the perfect stroke does exist. I'm not sure I’ve seen one or met a coach who’s seen one but I'm told they do exist. Biomechanically if the boat is set up as effectively as it can be, and tactically you know the athletes know the tactics and will deliver the tactics perfectly. So if we have that situation, will getting the athletes connecting better together, working more effectively together, understanding each others needs more effectively, understanding their own needs more effectively, on a day to day basis. Is that going to help you to get more from your athletes? Is that ultimately going o mean that you get a faster boat or a more consistent boat? Is it enough of a factor every day to make a difference that you can focus on.

And for me the psychology is always that. It’s something that might make ½% difference every day but if those ½%’s add up that actually means that at the end of a year it means that you have contributed a significant amount to making sure that that psychological factor has been taken care of. So the question here is because a lot of the wrk you do as coaches is about manaeing relationships, helping athletes understand themselves, helping them peak for performance mentally as well as physically would you get more value by having open discussions with them about how effectively we are working as a crew psychologically. From an Emotional Intelligence point of view are we as good as we could be? Athletes are used to having performance challenges set out for them. They are used to being given ergo scores to drive for, weight targets to go for in the gym, water times to aspire to, and because those targets are really clear the athletes really make an effort to get as good as possible and as prepared as possible to deliver those targets. So therefore is you present a psychological challenge to them in the same open public way would it be possible to get them to pursue becoming stronger athletes psychologically and would you see that that would give you a better stronger crew at the end of the day.

A lot of the time we hope that athletes are going to get better psychologically. The athlete that shows all of the potential when we are training but never quite delivers when it comes to the competition. We hope that they are going to get better but perhaps if we set them some explicit target is might actually encourage them to see that their mind is something that can be a really powerful tool for them and an essential part of performance.



To give you a little bit more framework and we’ll compare these bullet points in a second, to some specific athletes. If you have an athlete who is really emotinlaly intelligent they will be really good at noticing their feelings ans their thoughts at any point in time. Its almost like they’ve got an ongoing part of their brain that is thinking what am I aware of, what am I thinking, what am I feeling, is that right for me at the moment, have I made the right choices? If you think about how most of us work psychologically typically we find ourselves in a situation where we find a stimulus and we respond based on how we have responded many times before. So it is a very basic stimulus-response relationship. What these athletes are doing really superbly is that they see themselves in a situation, they have a stimulus and they now put thought in. So instead of going from my initial stimulus to the response that I’ve shown many times before, they have the stimulus and think “What am I thinking, what am I feeling, what do I need to think what do I need to feel?” and choose my response.

That ability to have that commentary ongoing is something that allows the great athletes in training to be laying down a blue print of success that when it comes to competition they don’t have to rely so much on that thought because they have put a really strong blueprint in their brain that allows them to go onto autopilot and step up and use the pattern of the performance to deliver what they have spent so much time ingraining in their mind.

So they are superb at noticing their thoughts and feelings, paying attention to them, recognising whether it’s an important thought or not. If it’s not important it washes over them, if it is important they are ready to act. And finally they use their thoughts about what they are thinking and feeling to make a decision about how to respond. Typically you’ll see when you are coaching an athlete technically and asking them to make a change, if they are not making the change effectively they are using that stimulus response model a lot of the time because their brain and their body is not being interrupted by a strong enough new thought to change the pattern of behaviour. So you hope somhow they have to be encouraged to think in a different sequence, think in a different way in order to give their body the chance of making the change that you want it to. So they have a new thought to create that change in movement.

But this also obviously applies to you as a coach, so how good are you at noticing your thoughts and feelings, paying attention to them, noticing their importance, and ten using those thoughts and feelings to choose a response.


In any given crew you might have different skill levels in terms of how that applies. So even if we go back to the self awareness, self regulation, awareness of others, management of others, in a given crew and this is completely made up (referring to pic), I'm not referring to any cases in particular. The stroke person might be fantastically self aware, and they might self regulate realy well but they might have very little awareness of others in this particular scenario. The person at three might be an ideal performer for you, they might be very self aware, they might be good at self regulating and they might also be very aware of everyone else in the crew and their needs and how to interact with them. The person at bow, you may have an individual who isn’t particularly self aware and not very self regulating but they may be really good at picking up on the needs of other people, they spend a lot of time thinking about what the other people in the crew are doing and not so much about themselves. And in this particular situation the person at two may actually be far more aware of what the coach is thinking and feeling and that can be thinking about how the coach is viewing and appraising me rather than in tune with those other people that are around them. So you get different ways in which the Emotional Intelligence might be made up.

Obviously from you from the outside as the coach, you need to be aware of each of those individuals all of the time, you need to be aware of the whole crew functioning together, but also you’ve got to be aware of internally yourself as well. How am I thinking and feeling, what my emotions and reactions at the moment. Is the fact that we’re on our second outing today and they are still not making the changes that I’ve asked them to, how’s that starting to affect me, my motivation my desire to think flexibly, think differently, to present the message in a different way. But as soon as you start getting even a small group of even five people the Emotional Intelligence challenge becomes very big very quickly. And you may want to think through your crews and have a bit of a think and understanding of what style of athlete sits in ach of the seats of the crews that you are working with.


And very simply you can use a framework like that. Just to go through, if we have the concepts of noticing feelings, paying attention to them, recognising their importance and choosing a response, take a given athlete, so for this particular person they are great at noticing their own feelings and paying attention to them but they don’t recognise the importance and chose a response. And they are good at noticing the feelings of other people but they don’t do anything else below that. Ideally you would have all four ticks on both sides, to see that an athlete is fully aware of themselves and acting appropriately and fully aware of other people around them and making good choices. This is trying to bring a framework to these concepts so that you can evaluate people in a consistent way.


In terms of your own challenges and the challenges of the athletes I would just like to throw these out as well. How good do you think you are at these? How good do you think your athletes are at these quite specifically? And are there any areas that if you were improved in one of these concepts it would have a very positive imact on how you work with the athletes around you. Pretty much every time I turn up to training, Mr Thompson sitting there (Paul Thompson GBR women’s and lwt coach) will always say to me how is your mood state because he thinks its funny to ask a psychologist that but mood management is obviously a really important skill. Being able t recognise what mood am I in and is that the right mood for me to be in at the moment. There is some great research that identified the mood of a leader, going into a meeting they measured what his mood was and two hours later coming out of the meeting they measured everybody else’s mood who had been in the meeting. Without a single deviance every person coming out of the room had the same mood that the leader had going into it. The leader completely changed the mood of everybody else in the room. And that is a fairly powerful ability to have as a coach. So your mood management has a big impact on the mood of your athletes in a critical way.

Self motivation is an area of self management that obviously needs constant working on. How effectively do you use your intuition? Do you listen to that gut feel, that gut instinct? Rene was speaking about intuition as part of the coaching recipe and part of the art of what you have to do. How effectively do you listen to that and make use of it in your coaching job. How effectively do you deal with setbacks? How effectively do you manage your energy and peak for your own performance? And how effectively do you switch on and off from the different challenges that you have? Do you get the down time so that you are fresh and alert ready to deliver great caching to your athletes next time that you are with them. All of those are skills that relate to Emotional Intelligence. And the last one that you will also see in terms of the self management is the bread and butter of the sports psychologist which are the key mental skills. How effectively do you visualize and prepare for the future by using imagery skills? How effectively are ayou able to maintain concentration on the key variables for the amount of time required? How effectively do you set goals and stick to them? And how effectively are you able to maintain your nerves or your ability to psych yourself up if necessary? For each of your athletes and for each of you there would probably be one or two development areas that would make a difference to the consistency of the performance. And again that is the key thing to psychology, you are not going to take someone who is a poor performer and turn them into a super star. What it will always do is bring far greater consistency of performance closer t their highest levels. And these kinds of things will certainly help tighten up the consistency of performance.


These things you probably deal with on a regular basis. How effectively do you motivate other people. Although again most of the research identifies that great leaders and coaches don’t actually motivate other people. They are superb at not demotivating them. They don’t actually take motivation away by the way in which they interact. They accept the people that they work with have the highest level of motivation possible. And then they make use of the motivation and create an environment that allows that motivation to be targeted and made use of. Not so great leaders and coaches very quickly take that natural level and reduce it little by little. That’s an interesting change of perspective quite often. So how effectively do you lead others, get others to see your vision, get behind it, get on board, and actually trying to strive towards achieving that vision. You spend an awful lot of time coaching others anyway and giving people technical input so that skill is being constantly tested. How effectively do you get people to collaborate? How effectively do you deal with confrontation? And when do you as a coach need to make a confrontation happen in order to move something forward? And obviously all that is about facilitating relationships between other people, between other coaches or between the athletes.




I want to skip on to the definitions so that the other handout that you where given earlier today, just so you can have a bit more insight into why I’ve given you that. As I said earlier even though we can talk about those broad frameworks there are measures of Emotional Intelligence that will give you a profile of yourself or a profile of your athlete. Whether you want to go down that route of that kind of measurement, that’s a choice that you have. Equally I find that coaches are such skilful observers of behaviour anyway, having some core component like this and some definition actually would allow you to start picking up some consistent factors that you know are important. From the researchers that have identified some Emotional Intelligence measures they have identified 16 different component of psychological makeup that is important. For me working in high performance sport there is a very, very strong link here between being Emotionally Intelligent and being mentally tough, and I would find it very difficult to identify a performer who has been at the top of their game, a world leader who does not score incredibly strongly on these characteristics. So the likes of Tiger Woods, Roger Federer, Pete Sampras when he was at the top of his game, Steve Redgrave from within rowing, if we look at those kind of individuals their scores on these areas would be consistently high giving them an overall emotional intelligence profile that is very strong and very consistent.

But if we just look through these core definitions, to begin with, you would get rated on the level of self awareness and awreness of others but the ones that are really powerfulare the ones that I have identified for you here. So the emotional resilience within your squad or a crew that you are working with. Who is the person who is the leader in emotional resilience? Who is really good at bouncing back from situations when things don’t quite go the way you wanted them to? Who perhaps, could be better at showing emotional resilience? You can start to use the concept realy easily to get a sense of the profile that you are building up. The three orange ones that I’ve got highlighted are ones I just wanted to point out because I think we assume athletes have these things covered. In my experience we find that they do not have them covered as effectively as we hope they have.

So personal power, how in control of their destiny and their life do they feel? You can imagine that an athlete that you want to deliver at the top of their game feeling fully in control of where I am, where I'm going and how I'm going to get there is an essential factor. And that a particular challenge when most athletes turn up fairly regularly to follow the training program that is given to them that they haven’t felt fully in control of understanding what they do day in and day out. The skilful athletes look at the training program and see it as an opportunity and work out how to get the most out of it. The less emotionally intelligent athletes loose their sense of power because they are waiting to be told what to do next because its part of the training schedule. So control, how in control of their life do they feel.

Goal directedness. How clearly do the athletes have personal goals laid out and how clearly are they following a path to achieving those goals. And it is the level of detail that is important in terms of goal setting. So it is always worth checking how clearly does the athlete have their goals set out and how effectively are they going about day to day achieving those goals. So what are they doing today that is helping them achieve the goal that they have ste for the future?

The flexibility area is the third one that is particularly important, is how effectively are athletes able to change their thinking, think creatively, think differently when they are faced with a problem or they need to try and find a different solution. That ability to have a change of thought, a change of plan, is actually really important form a preparation point of view. Being open to change things, being open to see that I can still get to my end goal, even though things arnt laid out exactly as I wanted them to be. So that psychological flexibility, the more an athlete has that the more robust their performance will be. There will be some athletes who are incredibly good whaen they follow a recipe but if anything changes from that recipe it makes them feel very uncomfortable very quickly and so their potential to have a range of success is limited. Everything has to be just right for them in order for them to deliver the performance. So having some increased flexibility is always positive.

The last two areas are probably ones that connect for you as coaches quite importantly. How open is the person about what they are thinking and what they are feeling? Are they letting you into their thoughts? So are they connected to you? Have they allowed you to see the world through their eyes? I'm sure that some athletes that you coach are quite good at constantly letting you know what they are thinking whereas others are quite closed. It is very difficult to really understand what is going on on there for them. If only you could mind read.

And the bottom one is the invitation to trust. How consistently does the athlete behave in order that you can trust them? Do you know what you are going to get from them? You know what kind of attitude you are going to get from them, you know the kind of commitment you are goint o get from them. So if you have a high invitation to trust as a coach that is once again that is one of the qualities that you would look to have large scores in yourself.

Just finally on the measurements there are other measurements that rate how I interact with other people. So the awareness of others and the management of others. In the definitions you’ll see that the definitions give you an A, B, C score. So in the definitions under trust A would be mistrustful, B would be carefully trusting, and C would be over trusting. So these are slightly more interesting concepts so you get this sort of three way score. You are looking to have a strong score in the middle one, in B in each of these examples. But you will find in terms of the trust that you or the athete place in people, some people are mistrustful by definition, that’s just how they are, they tend to mistrust people first. Other people a little like a small puppy dog are overtrusting. Go over to anybody, trust anything that anybody says, treat everybody exactly the same ad really trust that everybody has their best interests at heart. Both being mistrusting or overtrusting might actually not give you the best profile to interact with other people. Having that balance of being carefully trusting, who do I realy trust, who do I really listen to, when are the occasions when I need support and need that careful trusting approach, that’s where you are getting the balance right.

And the last four areas are just some other qualities that determine how effectively we interact with other people. So am I pessimistic by nature or am I overly optimistic by nature of have I got a realistic level of optimism baanced in the middle? Again I'm sure for those of you that have athletes that are overly optimistic all the time, its greta that they’ve got that enthusiastic belief that they are going to change the world and be world beaters but somewhere in the middle they need some realistic optimism so that they can be really focused on delivering the nuts and bolts of the performance and not just being really totally optimistic about the success they want. And equally if you have an overly pessimistic athlete they are just quite ard work for you as a coach to keep telling them that they are better than they think and the world is not about to end and that they have some potential and that tey really can be quite good if they allow themselves to be quite good.

And so you can see again here, can I start to identify some of the needs of some of my athletes. Some athletes will be under controlled with their emotions, others will be over controlled, some of them will be able to act very freely. And the last two, the conflict handling; hoe effectively do you or the athlete handle difficulties or conflict, are you passive, are you aggressive or do you get them balanced right by being assertive. And I guess from a coaching point of view the interdependence one at the bottom is a challenging one to try and get the balance right. You don’t want an athlete that is too dependent on you to do everything for them and set everything up. You don’t want them to be that independent that they can’t make use of your expertise. But you need to get them working in that positive way where you are interdependent. Thay need you and you need them, you work better because of both of your exert perspectives. Again, where would some of your athletes fit in. Do you need to encourage some to be less dependent; do you need to encourage some to be less independent? I’ve given you the definitions sheet so that you can take them away and have a look through, see which are most important and relvent for you as a coach.

There are plenty of areas of follow up reading that could you can follow for Emotional Intelligence and I’d just like to leave you with a couple of thoughts in terms of: If you were to ask athletes to rate you as a coach and rate how emotionally intelligent they though you were would that be a worthwhile exercise? It’s a risk to actually get the athletes to tell you what they think about you but would you actually get something beneficial out of it by going through that process. Would you get something beneficial by rating the athletes and having a discussion about where they might need to improve in ters of personal power or goal directedness. But actually aving some open conversation about this may actually bring into light some areas that can influence performance. They may allow you to have concersations that will get you working together even more effectively.


In summary the concept of Emotional Intelligence, how self aware, how self regulated you are, how you are aware of other people, how effectively you manage ther people, its obvious that that going to make a difference to the quality of work that you as a coach and that your athletes are going to be able to engage in. Its one of those things that we naturally assume that we are doing this ok and that its working as well as possible or would tere actually be some merit in seeing if we could talk about this openly and see if we can become a more Emotionally Intelligent unit.

The language that you choose to use around it would obviously be critical. So I for one wouldn’t necessarily promote going in and having lots of conversations about emotional intelligence straight away. But you can take some of the concepts and talk about how effectively we are communicating, how effectively we are motivating and driving each other, how effectively we are understanding each other and changing our approach to get the most out of each other as well.

The final questions for you: would a more emotionally intelligent crew be a faster crew, would it make a difference for you as a coach by being more emotionally intelligent and being more aware of your own profile when it comes down to it. And if it is something that is worth persuing how do you actually build it into your day to day training when we know in the rowing world it is a very intense, time heavy commitment that you have and actually finding ways of improving on some of these skills that the athletes don’t see the immediate benefit of them; the cost-benefit that you have to consider is obviously an important part of this equation.

I said I wanted to throw some ideas out, stimulate some thinking, allow you to look at yourselves in a certain way and your athletes. So hopefully that gives you some information to take away and think about how these concept might work. Something a bit different, a little bit different from the Strength and Conditioning but well done for staying awake and those that assumed the eyes closed listening style thank you for listening so intently.